The tradition of heterodox and orthodox take on different meaning when talking of Indian Philosophy, compared with the western Christianity idea of these traditions. To be orthodox, one accepts the testimony of the Vedas, according to Raju. Raju also states that to be a heterodox one does not accept the testimony of the Vedas (Raju 93). The philosophical traditions of Jainism and Buddhism are heterodox traditions, or nastikas (non-existence theorists). The similarities of these two traditions …showed first 75 words of 1444 total…

…showed last 75 words of 1444 total…Raju, P. T.. The Philosophical Traditions of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998. Mizuno, Kogen. Basic Buddhist Concepts. Tokyo: Kosei Pub. Co., 1987. Humphreys, Christmas. Buddhism. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1962. Tobias, Michael. Life Force: The world of Jainism. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1991. Gopalan, Subramania. Outlines of Jainism. New York, Halsted Press, 1973. Hayes, Richard, P.. ABuddhism.@ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Graig. New York: Routledge, 1998. Jayandra, Soni. AJaina.@ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Graig. New York: Routledge, 1998.