Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Many novels have two layers of meaning: the first is in the literal plot, while the second is in a symbolic layer in which images and objects represent abstract ideas and feelings. Using symbols usually allows authors to express themselves indirectly on delicate or controversial matters. According to the definition from the Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, symbolism means the use …showed first 75 words of 1676 total…

…showed last 75 words of 1676 total…amp;#30000;兆耀. 2002.《西方文学鉴赏》. 北京：中国广播电视出版社. 3、Wang, Songnian. 2003. Selected Readings in American Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. Manolin, his only best friend is forbidden by his parents to accompany the old man anymore 4、杨正和. 1999.《外国文学名作欣赏》. 北京：科学出版社.