In 1992, Mae C. Jemison (born 1956) became the first African American woman to travel in space.

Mae C. Jemison had received two undergraduate degrees and a medical degree, had served two years as a Peace Corps medical officer in West Africa, and was selected to join the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) astronaut training program, all before her thirtieth birthday. Her eight-day space flight aboard the space shuttle Endeavour in 1992 established Jemison as the United States' first female African American space traveler.

Mae Carol Jemison was born on October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama, the youngest child of Charlie Jemison, a roofer and carpenter, and Dorothy (Green) Jemison, an elementary school teacher. Her sister, Ada Jemison Bullock, became a child psychiatrist, and her brother, Charles Jemison, is a real estate broker. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, when Jemison was three to take advantage of better educational opportunities there, and it is that city that she calls her hometown. Throughout her early school years, her parents were supportive and encouraging of her talents and abilities, and Jemison spent considerable time in her school library reading about all aspects of science, especially astronomy. During her time at Morgan Park High School, she became convinced she wanted to pursue a career in biomedical engineering, and when she graduated in 1973 as a consistent honor student, she entered Stanford University on a National Achievement Scholarship.

At Stanford, Jemison pursued a dual major and in 1977 received a B.S. in chemical engineering and a B.A. in African and Afro-American Studies. As she had been in high school, Jemison was very involved in extracurricular activities including dance and theater productions, and served as head of the Black Student Union. Upon graduation, she entered Cornell University Medical College to work toward a medical degree. During her years there, she found time to expand her horizons by visiting and studying in Cuba and Kenya and working at a Cambodian refugee camp in Thailand. When she obtained her M.D. in 1981, she interned at Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center and later worked as a general practitioner. For the next two and a half years, she was the area Peace Corps medical officer for Sierra Leone and Liberia where she also taught and did medical research. Following her return to the U.S. in 1985, she made a career change and decided to follow a dream she had nurtured for a long time. In October of that year she applied for admission to NASA's astronaut training program. The Challenger disaster of January 1986 delayed the selection process, but when she reapplied a year later, Jemison was one of the fifteen candidates chosen from a field of about two thousand.

Joins Eight-Day Endeavour Mission

When Jemison was chosen on June 4, 1987, she became the first African American woman ever admitted into the astronaut training program. After more than a year of training, she became an astronaut with the title of science-mission specialist, a job which would make her responsible for conducting crew-related scientific experiments on the space shuttle. On September 12, 1992, Jemison finally flew into space with six other astronauts aboard the Endeavour on mission STS-47. During her eight days in space, she conducted experiments on weightlessness and motion sickness on the crew and herself. Altogether, she spent slightly over 190 hours in space before returning to Earth on September 20. Following her historic flight, Jemison noted that society should recognize how much both women and members of other minority groups can contribute if given the opportunity.

In recognition of her accomplishments, Jemison received several honorary doctorates, the 1988 Essence Science and Technology Award, the Ebony Black Achievement Award in 1992, and a Montgomery Fellowship from Dartmouth College in 1993, and was named Gamma Sigma Gamma Woman of the Year in 1990. Also in 1992, an alternative public school in Detroit, Michigan--the Mae C. Jemison Academy--was named after her. Jemison is a member of the American Medical Association, the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and served on the Board of Directors of the World Sickle Cell Foundation from 1990 to 1992. She is also an advisory committee member of the American Express Geography Competition and an honorary board member of the Center for the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition. After leaving the astronaut corps in March 1993, she accepted a teaching fellowship at Dartmouth, where she remains on the staff today, and also established the Jemison Group, a company that researches, develops, and markets advanced technologies.

Historical Context

• The Life and Times of Mae C. Jemison (1956-)
• At the time of Jemison's birth:
• The first transatlantic telephone cable was laid
• The U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on buses unconstitutional
• Dwight D. Eisenhower was the president of the United States
• Jemison's contemporaries:
• Diana Garcia Prichard (1949-) American chemical physicist
• Irene Long (1951-) American aerospace physician
• Oprah Winfrey (1954-) American actress
• Al Sharpton (1954-) American religious leader/activist
• Anita Hill (1956-) American lawyer/educator
• Eileen Collins (1956-) American astronaut
• Spike Lee (1957-) American director
• Angela Bassett (1959-) American actress
• Lady Diana of Wales (1961-) British royal family member
• Selected world events:
• 1958: The first U.S. satellite was launched
• 1962: The drug Thalidomide is found to cause birth defects
• 1969: Supersonic jet, "Concord," makes its first flight
• 1973: Arab nations stopped exporting oil to the United States
• 1989: The Berlin Wall was dismantled
• 1989: The Exxon Valdez ran aground, causing oil spill off in Alaska
• 1992: Bosnia seceded from Yugoslavia and civil war erupted
• 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed

Further Reading

• Hawthorne, Douglas B., Men and Women of Space, Univelt, 1992, pp. 357-359.
• Smith, Jessie Carney, editor, Notable Black American Women, Gale, 1992, pp. 571-573.

• Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences, "Mae C. Jemison," at: http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/jemison.html (December 22, 2001).
• Dartmouth College, The Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries, "Dr. Mae C. Jemison," at: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~jemison/JI_profile.html (December 22, 2001).
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, "Biographical Data," at: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/jemison-mc.html (December 22, 2001).
• Mae C. Jemison, MD, "About Dr. Jemison," at: http://www.maejemison.com/ (December 22, 2001).
• NASA Quest, The Women of NASA, "Dr. Mae Jemison," at: http://quest.nasa.gov/women/TODTWD/jemison.bio.html (December 22, 2001).