The poet, political activist, and constitutional theorist Francis Reginald Scott (1899-1985) was a catalyst in the struggle for Canadian political, legal, and literary independence; for human rights and fundamental freedoms in Canada; and for Quebec nationalism.

Francis Reginald Scott was born in Quebec City in 1899, the son of a well known poet and Anglican clergyman, Canon F. G. Scott. The young Scott inherited his father's social concerns and his poetic interest in the Canadian northland. A Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, he received a B.A. in 1922 and a B. Litt. in 1923. He then returned to Canada, where he graduated from McGill University with a B.C.L. in 1926. As a young man who came of age in the 1920s--a strongly nationalist period in Canadian history--Scott became a catalyst in the struggle for Canadian political, legal, and literary independence.

A shaping component in F. R. Scott's nationalism was the land itself. After his three years abroad he found Canadian culture superficial. Canada had nothing in the way of an historical past to match that of Europe--nothing, that is, except the vast, open stretches of the pre-Cambrian shield. He recalled that "the Laurentian country was wonderful, open, empty, vast, and speaking a kind of eternal language in its mountains, rivers, and lakes. I knew that these were the oldest mountains in the world.... Geologic time made ancient civilization seem but yesterday's picnic." For Scott, the great age of the land seems to have been transmuted into a substitution for an historical past. Yet because of its association with the new Canadian nationalism ("the true north strong and free"), and because it was unpeopled, the land was a clean canvas for the artist's impression. He soon realized that it was on this natural landscape that Canada's new literature must be built:

Who would read old myths
By this lake
Where the wild duck paddle forth
At daybreak?

With the poet-critic A. J. M. Smith, Scott helped found the avant-garde McGill Fortnightly Review (1925-1926), a little magazine now synonymous with modernism in Canadian poetry. He was also co-editor of its short-lived successor, The Canadian Mercury (1928-1929). In 1936 he helped edit the first anthology of modern Canadian poetry, New Provinces: Poems of Seven Authors. In 1942 he was one of the organizers of Preview, the dominant literary magazine of the decade. In March 1944 he received the Guarantor's Prize from Poetry: A Magazine of Verse for a group of war poems.

Scott's first collection of poems, delayed by the Depression, was Overture (1945), followed by Events and Signals (1954); a collection of satires, The Eye of the Needle (1957); Signature (1964); Selected Poems (1966); Trouvailles (1967); and The Dance Is One (1973). His poetry developed in four successive stages. In the late 1920s he wrote a northern landscape poetry influenced by the Imagists, by T. S. Eliot's fertility myth, and by Henri Bergson's élan vital. In the 1930s, in response to the Depression, he wrote a basically socialist, often satiric, program poetry: some of these poems--notably "Social Notes"--are blunt satires on social evils. In the 1940s his preoccupation with landscape and political reform was fused into a larger humanist structure. In the 1950s and 1960s, in response to an emerging Quebec nationalism, Scott became a pioneer translator of Quebeçois poetry.

His poetic subject is most often man (in the generic sense) silhouetted against a natural horizon. His characteristic metaphors develop from the exploration of man's relationship to nature and society: they involve time and infinity, world and universe, love and spirit--terms that emerge as 20th-century humanist substitutes for the Christian vocabulary. A typical Scott poem moves from the natural landscape, as in "Laurentian Shield" ("Hidden in wonder and snow, or sudden with summer, / This land stares at the sun in a huge silence"), or from a specific image--the great Asian moth of "A Grain of Rice," for example--to a consideration of the significance of the image in the larger pattern of human life.

The frame of our human house rests on motion
Of earth and of moon, the rise of continents,
Invasion of deserts, erosion of hills
   The capping of ice.
Today, while Europe tilted, drying the Baltic,
I read of a battle between brothers in anguish.
   A flag moved a mile.

Distressed by the social misery of the Depression, Scott became active in left-wing political movements such as the Fabian-inspired League for Social Reconstruction (1932), which published Social Planning for Canada in 1935. He was national chairman of the Co-operative Common-wealth Federation (now the National Democratic Party) from 1942 to 1950 and co-author of Make This Your Canada: A Review of CCF History and Policy (1930). He wrote Canada and the United States (1941) after a year spent at Harvard on a Guggenheim fellowship. He also contributed to the important symposium Evolving Canadian Federalism (1958) and was a co-editor of Quebec States Her Case (1964), a series of essays on the new Quebec nationalism. Scott, an authority on constitutional law and civil rights, was described by the legal historian Walter Tarnopolsky as an "architect of modern Canadian thought on human rights and fundamental freedoms." He argued several major civil rights cases before the Supreme Court of Canada, including Switzman v. Elbing (1957), Roncarelli v. Duplessis (1958), and Brodie v. The Queen (1961), better known as the Lady Chatterly case.

In 1952 Scott was briefly a technical-aid representative for the United Nations in Burma; from 1961 to 1964 he was dean of law at McGill; and from 1963 to 1971 he was a member of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Scott--who contributed equally to Canadian law, literature, and politics in both official languages--was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1947, awarded the Lorne Pierce Medal for distinguished service to Canadian literature in 1962, and received a Molson Prize for outstanding achievements in the arts, the humanities, and the social sciences in 1967. His career as an interpreter of Quebec poetry culminated with a Canada Council Translation Prize for Poems of French Canada (1977); his work as a social philosopher culminated with a Governor General's award for Essays on the Constitution: Aspects of Canadian Law and Politics (1977); and his poetry was crowned with a Governor General's award for The Collected Poems of F. R. Scott (1981).

Further Reading

• One of the first studies of F. R. Scott's poetry was W. E. Collin's The White Savannahs (1936), which connects Scott's landscape poems with T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land and notes their connection with the loss of Eden and the desire for an ideal. Desmond Pacey in Ten Canadian Poets (1958) recognizes Scott's excellence in the three fields of law, literature, and politics but concludes that he "will be remembered as a poet primarily for his social satire," a view shared by K. L. Goodwin writing in The Journal of Commonwealth Literature in 1967. Stephen Scobie, in Queen's Quarterly of 1972, emphasizes the punning ambivalence of some of Scott's best poems. Other excellent essays include Elizabeth Brewster's "The I of the Observer" and Germaine Warkentein's "Scott's 'Lakeshore' and Its Tradition" in Canadian Literature in 1978 and 1980, respectively. Peter Stevens' The McGill Movement: A. J. M. Smith, F. R. Scott and Leo Kennedy (1969) places Scott in the context of the 1920s. Special issues of Canadian Literature in 1967 and Canadian Poetry in 1977 feature Scott. For a larger study of Scott as poet, political activist, and constitutional theorist see On F. R. Scott: Essays on His Contributions to Law, Literature and Politics, edited by Sandra Djwa and R. St. J. Macdonald (1983).